# Thymulin References: The Cited Studies, Full Citations and Links

> Thymulin references - the full citation list behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links for every study cited across the site.

The complete reference list behind this thymulin digest - peer-reviewed journals and primary studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## How this thymulin reference list is built

Every quantitative claim across this thymulin atlas maps to a numbered entry below. The list draws on the primary literature - the 1982 PNAS paper that named the peptide, the 1988 J Clin Invest human zinc-deficiency study, the 2020 Sci Adv inhaled gene-therapy paper, the Reggiani gene-therapy series, and the Lunin EAE work, among others. Each entry carries its journal, year, and a resolvable link (DOI or PubMed). Where a figure is reported in a paper's full text rather than its abstract, the citation still points to the source so it can be checked.

The record is overwhelmingly preclinical - cell and animal models - with a small, dated set of human studies, several of which used a synthetic analog rather than native thymulin. That balance is the point of the atlas: the lush findings and the scorched gaps both come from these same sources, read straight.

## References

[1] Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6957870/
[2] Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18476235/
[3] Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3262625/
[4] Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236333/
[5] Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24588820/
[6] Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045213/
[7] da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32577505/
[8] Reggiani PC, Barbeito CG, Zuccolilli GO, Cónsole GM, Flamini AM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Neonatal thymulin gene therapy prevents ovarian dysgenesis and attenuates reproductive derangements in nude female mice. Endocrinology. 2012;153(8):3922-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700775/
[9] Lunin SM, Novoselova EG, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Kuzekova AA, Novoselova TV, Sharapov MG, Mubarakshina EK. Protective effect of exogenous peroxiredoxin 6 and thymic peptide thymulin on BBB conditions in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2023;746:109729. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37633587/
[10] Reggiani PC, Poch B, Cónsole GM, Rimoldi OJ, Schwerdt JI, Tüngler V, Garcia-Bravo MM, Dardenne M. Thymulin-based gene therapy and pituitary function in animal models of aging. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2011;18(5):350-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21952687/
[11] Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Novoselova EG. Protective Effect of PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymulin Against the Relapsing-Remitting Form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(21):5374. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31671728/
[12] da Silva AL, Martini SV, Abreu SC, Samary Cdos S, Diaz BL, Fernezlian S, de Sá VK, Capelozzi VL. DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy prevents airway remodeling in experimental allergic asthma. J Control Release. 2014;180:125-33. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24556417/
[13] Mocchegiani E, Ciavattini A, Santarelli L, Tibaldi A, Muzzioli M, Bonazzi P, Giacconi R, Fabris N. Role of zinc and alpha2 macroglobulin on thymic endocrine activity and on peripheral immune efficiency (natural killer activity and interleukin 2) in cervical carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1999;79(2):244-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9888464/
[14] Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Muti E, Gasparini N, Malavolta M. Are zinc-bound metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) involved in impaired thymulin production and thymic involution during ageing? Immun Ageing. 2004;1(1):5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15679929/
[15] Saitoh N, Awaya A, Sakudo A, SungWook S, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T. Serum thymic factor prevents LPS-induced pancreatic cell damage in mice via up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreas. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(9):629-38. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15383698/

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A deep-water field atlas of the thymulin literature - the zinc-bound thymic peptide catalogued like a vanishing species, the established findings pressed beside the human-data gaps and the molecule kept distinct from thymosin alpha-1 and thymalin; no clinic behind the specimen sheet and nothing here dosed, prescribed, or sold.