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Thymulin Reviews A field atlas of the thymulin literature — the zinc-bound thymic peptide read like a vanishing species, with every study catalogued and the human-data gaps marked plainly.

The paper behind every numbered mark

Where can you check every thymulin reference?

The numbered list below gives each paper's authors, medical journal, year, and direct link.

Go back to the findingsLearn who runs this site

How can you check each thymulin study?

One bold claim may sound firm until you ask where it came from. This page puts a numbered study list just below this note. It includes the 1982 zinc study, a 1988 study of people low on zinc, and a 2020 mouse asthma study. Other papers report immune illness in mice and work with added DNA.

Each numbered item gives the authors, medical journal, year, and a link to the paper or its short summary. Most studies used animals or cells in a dish. Only a few old, small studies included people. That matters because a mouse finding can't show that thymulin will treat a person.

  1. Dardenne M, Pléau JM, Nabarra B, Lefrancier P, Derrien M, Choay J, Bach JF. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(17):5370-3. ↗
  2. Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. ↗
  3. Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1202-10. ↗
  4. Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. ↗
  5. Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. ↗
  6. Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. ↗
  7. da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. ↗
  8. Reggiani PC, Barbeito CG, Zuccolilli GO, Cónsole GM, Flamini AM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Neonatal thymulin gene therapy prevents ovarian dysgenesis and attenuates reproductive derangements in nude female mice. Endocrinology. 2012;153(8):3922-8. ↗
  9. Lunin SM, Novoselova EG, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Kuzekova AA, Novoselova TV, Sharapov MG, Mubarakshina EK. Protective effect of exogenous peroxiredoxin 6 and thymic peptide thymulin on BBB conditions in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2023;746:109729. ↗
  10. Reggiani PC, Poch B, Cónsole GM, Rimoldi OJ, Schwerdt JI, Tüngler V, Garcia-Bravo MM, Dardenne M. Thymulin-based gene therapy and pituitary function in animal models of aging. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2011;18(5):350-6. ↗
  11. Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Novoselova EG. Protective Effect of PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymulin Against the Relapsing-Remitting Form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(21):5374. ↗
  12. da Silva AL, Martini SV, Abreu SC, Samary Cdos S, Diaz BL, Fernezlian S, de Sá VK, Capelozzi VL. DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy prevents airway remodeling in experimental allergic asthma. J Control Release. 2014;180:125-33. ↗
  13. Mocchegiani E, Ciavattini A, Santarelli L, Tibaldi A, Muzzioli M, Bonazzi P, Giacconi R, Fabris N. Role of zinc and alpha2 macroglobulin on thymic endocrine activity and on peripheral immune efficiency (natural killer activity and interleukin 2) in cervical carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1999;79(2):244-50. ↗
  14. Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Muti E, Gasparini N, Malavolta M. Are zinc-bound metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) involved in impaired thymulin production and thymic involution during ageing? Immun Ageing. 2004;1(1):5. ↗
  15. Saitoh N, Awaya A, Sakudo A, SungWook S, Saeki K, Matsumoto Y, Onodera T. Serum thymic factor prevents LPS-induced pancreatic cell damage in mice via up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreas. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(9):629-38. ↗